$ }. b$ J7 t1 htvb now,tvbnow,bttvb那麼,在 1841 年 1 月 26 日起至《南京條約》簽訂前,香港是否屬於約開商埠?嚴格來說,由於香港在 1 月 25 日已被英軍佔領,並在翌日完成升旗禮之後,隨即象徵正式接管香港,香港成為英國海外領土。因此香港初期的開埠,並非基於不平等條約。 + d1 |- v& M2 l0 C1 jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。os.tvboxnow.com1 v& L) D. X' d* h' G9 Z2 G8 d" y. D
琦善和義律沒有就《穿鼻草約》達成協議,而雙方君主亦沒有批准草約,因此草約本身只是一紙空文,並不具法律效力 [2] 。即使有,香港割讓和開埠都並非以草約的法理為依據,而是建立在後來 1 月 26 日英軍的實際佔領之上。故此,在史學上一般認為,香港開埠為英軍舉行升旗禮的1月26日開始,而非義律宣佈《穿鼻草約》的 1 月 20 日。事實上,草約的宣佈,只是義律在追加法律確認之前,將佔領變為既定事實的手法。而這種經驗主義的行事方式,是英國殖民主義慣用解決問題的方法 [3] 。 ( o5 w |4 t4 A) j( ros.tvboxnow.com * W; g J1 {) O8 o U《Convention of Chuenpee》原文 [4] : ) z1 z3 q- m! A, tTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ G3 ^7 _/ ^3 [: o D* U$ A
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
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亞洲電視節目《解密百年香港 – 哪裡是香港》,簡述《穿鼻草約》的合法性。
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由17世紀開始,英國為了壟㫁貿易,一般都會透過獲得海外領土,來擴張盎格魯撒克遜在當地的商貿權力 [5] 。按此經驗來看,從義律和後來接任的砵甸乍銳意割讓香港之目的可見,假如英國成功取得香港作為海外領土,香港便成為了其在華鴉片和其他貿易的據點。因此,割讓香港的其中一個重要原因,便是要將香港開辟為自由港,成為對內通市的通商口岸,而草約便是使「開辟」合理的法律工具。 ( Z) K$ d. P6 r# W3 O F8 Z0 ]' K2 g7 Z( e可是,當時《穿鼻草約》沒有簽訂和承認,香港割讓只是建立在英軍的實際佔領和升旗禮之上,因此草約亦不能成為使「開辟」商埠合理的法律工具。對於類似國際間的強佔行為, 19 世紀初的國際法能夠產生約束力嗎?國際法又是如何詮釋條約效力的? S! w" G' c4 z- n: e2 d' f3 ~0 G4 _, n8 f6 |* [+ r9 b! k! E! K
現今泛指國際法這一詞,在 19 世紀後半葉一般稱為歐洲公法 (droit public de I’Europe, European public law) 。當時歐洲公法的特徵,主要都是圍繞著保障歐洲國際社會利益,例如歐洲中心主義、擴張主義等的法律秩序。歐洲認為公法是「文明國家之間的法律」,世界亦因而給劃分為歐洲文明國家、中國等半文明國家,和野蠻國家。為了要將侵略世界非文明國家的擴張行為合理化,歐洲公法乃成為一種帝國主義的法律工具 [6] 。 . F# [' d3 V4 q- h9 Z; o( T$ |9 DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇( `; A) s. C& E/ J2 l" v# G: R
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. 9 f' V) D; q. H& u' V公仔箱論壇
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification.公仔箱論壇7 f B3 f% m+ U: }
換言之,假如全權大臣越權商議,君主是有權拒絕公約。 7 r- a/ P4 i6 p c; p* ~2 v) Z公仔箱論壇那麼,君主能夠如何拒絕呢?即使全權代表已經同意條約,只要君主能夠証明全權代表偏離了其意旨,君主是有權拒絕條約的: " }! T: h1 ]9 { p
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction. " ?* r2 y/ N# W公仔箱論壇
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification.. C) O8 E; z) I/ G
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory. . O* s: `1 }3 E* G1 B
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.(大寫為筆者所加), W Z5 E! Y/ T0 G# a+ f: d
簡而言之,當時國際法似乎已清晰厘定,包含了領土割讓的條約,需要符合兩個前提才能生效:os.tvboxnow.com/ c: i/ U) G3 h# h/ h
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1841 年 1 月 28 日,駐遠東艦隊支隊司令伯麥 (J. J. Gordon Bremer) 發出照會「議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已有文據在案」TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 ` k* u } e2 B6 e) ^
8 ?1 C1 Y2 n' Q( b$ R# F- O公仔箱論壇上篇《從 19 世紀國際法和平條約談起》,談到 19 世紀國際法和平條約的基本概況和清朝欽差大臣的相關職權範圍。今篇將會從廣東談判中關於香港割讓的時序,分析琦善有否同意割讓香港。5 e, ^6 ?8 d9 ^7 R5 y
1841 年 1 月 26 日,英軍在升旗禮後,香港踏入開埠之路。為了使強佔的行為合理化和往後的長期貿易鋪路,必須一份聲稱雙方同意的正式法律文件TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 Y% W* `2 O$ D8 s2 I
1841 年 1 月 20 日,義律於澳門發布一份《給英國女皇陛下臣民的通知》,這份公佈香港割讓給英國的正式文件,後來稱為「穿鼻草約」或「穿鼻協定」 (Convention of Chunpee) [1] :$ L7 n4 a9 e) n! ^" g9 U) H
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: 1 w# t9 v E& B8 ^ h; T* I
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指,義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而,這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢?在義律發佈公吿後的第六天,即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天,伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵,內容如下 [2] : & ?! I4 Q2 a# o, k公仔箱論壇
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts….. ' s4 S4 w2 r" Q9 D' x$ T1 M7 `1 Vtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
2 月 2 日,義律又向中外人士和傳媒發表第二份公告: * R* {& \! `' g: E. R
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure……os.tvboxnow.com5 G) H% O. c' z3 Y, C
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民,英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此,民眾亦毋需惶恐,因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留,而且基於引入一種華洋分治,一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ,即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣,英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ l# l( ?7 C0 T
根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授,在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出,這兩份公告的基礎,是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之, 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ,和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ,都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」,便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; O' w% ]; _/ _5 E/ g
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可是,這兩份極重要的公告中,存在三個問題: # Z Y% B6 z: `0 T
近聞省內有英國所屬港腳地者。未知姓名之黑人一囗,被官拘留。応請釋回。並聞有英國和相交之法蘭西國人單亞泥一名,亦被拘留。取敢請貴大臣爵閣部堂施恩,以該人釋放。蓋深知大臣爵閣部堂仁愛之心,且知該人惟修善良,堪蒙恩施。本公臣故有此請。此間相拒情形,已被善定,彼此相安。原因貴大爵閣部堂事事篤信,洞明辦理所致,實本國人民所共知矣。倘可加以仁愛恩施,必使該人遠居老親,喜樂感載。且令泰西諸國之人,聞風敬慕也。本公使大臣此次將私情致請,祈為原恕。特為此照會者。- v' I. M+ \$ {" c! b; b
照得貴大臣爵閣部堂二十六日來文,均已閲悉。現在事事既已說定,本公使大臣全賴貴大臣爵閣部堂誠信,知必如議,於二十一年正月初旬以內,就行開港貿易,茲備公文,咨會佰統師,請即讓還沙角、大角等處。所有兵船軍師,撤退九龍所近之香港島地駐剳,並請將日前所獲貴國舟師等船,一俟貴大臣爵閣部堂派弁。」公仔箱論壇. P# X+ Y. U1 ^ c7 u+ b' a' k
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上篇《心態篇》為分析琦善有否割讓香港的最後一篇。此篇,筆者會探討,究竟為什麼巴麥尊會否定草約,而他否定的又是什麼。 ; ~- _2 v ]+ _1 [關於《穿鼻草約》的認受性,英國外交大臣巴麥尊,即義律的頂頭上司表示懷疑。在得悉義律在 1841 年 1 月 20 日所發出關於與他和琦善就割讓香港所達成協議的公告後,巴麥尊於三個月後的 4 月 21 日給義律炒魷的致函中,否定義律的「所謂協議」 [1] : 7 k( m, B) c4 ~0 }
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. * k" X- C: j( g3 l
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.(大寫為筆者所加)/ ^" l; A( ?: R3 n7 \0 T6 _6 t
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.(大寫為筆者所加) ) C! B7 n* V1 ^0 j9 }/ t* Z- L8 N
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once. + ?! z2 a$ G9 K: W) ]' O% F+ A公仔箱論壇
小結 " X! l1 S. M R5 n7 L綜合以上分析而言,琦善以義律含糊的口吻奏明道光帝,而義律又故意在攫取香港的手段上偷換概念,雙方都是以自己的方式,以達到各自目的。從廣東談判的時序、策略、琦善和義律對香港主權的心態分析後可以看到,除了香港割讓的議題上,琦善的確答應了條款的某些部分;但是關於香港割讓這一部分,盡管義律脅迫琦善割讓香港的照會中可能出現言語上的誤會 [27] ,但身為欽差的琦善,只是作為道光帝牽線木偶而已。而關於「寄居」一事,儘管琦善在道光帝允許後的確有跟義律進行磋商,但始終雙方亦沒有達成協議。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ [" N4 t: Z2 V9 f- Y
下篇《香港是如何開埠?(三)》,將會離開廣東談判,探討一下巴麥尊否定《穿鼻草約》,但沒有否定義律公告的議題。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ h) z; E' c; I& b5 _- I. a) B7 h! ~
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《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 177-179 頁。
關於翻譯問題,蔣廷黻先生表示,道光帝在 8 月 19 日收到由馬儒翰 (John Robert Morrison, 1814 年 4 月 17 日 - 1843 年 8 月 29 日 ) 翻譯的《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》,出現很多嚴重誤譯,以至全文語調由上門要挾轉變為負屈(對林則徐的指控)「乞恩」,使「剿」轉而主「撫」。例如,譯「求討皇帝昭雪伸冤」(原文為 "demand from the Emperor satisfaction and redress" )。此外,譯文亦多處將原意「匡正」譯為「伸冤」,「抗議 (protest) 」譯為「告明」,「賠償」譯為「昭雪」,「要求」譯為「催討」等等。《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 173 頁, 238-239 頁。