本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2013-9-8 11:30 PM 編輯
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奧古斯圖·何塞·拉蒙·皮諾契特·烏加爾特(卡斯蒂利亞語:AugustoJosé Ramón PinochetUgarte,1915年11月25日-2006年12月10日),智利軍事獨裁者。1973年在美國支持下他通過流血政變,推翻了民選左翼總統阿葉德,建立右翼軍政府。任內進行資本主義的新自由主義經濟改革,同時殘酷打擊異己,造成大量侵犯人權的事件。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 |: s' A! l O# ^ ?
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1973年9月11日,皮諾契特指揮軍隊包圍總統府,左翼總統阿葉德遇難。隨即皮諾契特建立軍政府,中止執行憲法,解散國會,執行嚴厲的言論檢查,取締左翼政黨,暫停一切政治活動。根據近年美國中央情報局的解密資料,皮諾契特的行為得到美國的大力支援。軍政府對左翼政治活動的鎮壓導致至少約3,000人被殺或失蹤,超過27,000人遭監禁或拷打,其中許多人被迫流亡國外。
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1980年,新憲法在一次普遍認為是「不規範、不民主」的公民投票中獲得通過。新憲法規定,1988年進行等額選舉的總統大選,1990年還政於民。皮諾契特在那次大選中失利。1989年,智利舉行差額選舉的總統大選,中間偏左智利基督教民主黨的帕特里西奧·埃爾文獲勝,次年接替皮諾契特出任總統。皮諾契特卸任後,仍保留軍隊總司令的職務至1998年。根據1980年憲法的規定,他可以在智利參議院獲得一個終身參議員席位。
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Photojournalist Julio Etchart spent the 70s and 80s documenting Pinochet's 16-year dictatorship in Chile and, by "keeping a low profile and my head down", he says he was able to capture much of the rising resistance on camera. This 11 September marks 40 years since the military coup that began Pinochet's rule, during which thousands of suspected political opponents were detained, tortured, killed or simply "disappeared". In memory of his victims, Amnesty International UK is hosting an updated version of Julio's 1988 exhibition Chile's 9/11 at the Human Rights Action Centre in Shoreditch, London, on weekdays from 9-20 SeptemberTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# C/ O9 V+ i P a- t
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& e9 L" W% D/ nSoldiers on parade during the Pinochet era. "They were on parade outside the presidential palace, so I just pretended to be a silly tourist. After I took this picture they tried to confiscate my camera, but I managed to get away with it. It was incredible to see the Nazi-style helmets - this was in 1980, not 1940!"
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Women soaked by water cannon during a demonstration against Pinochet on International Women's Day in Santiago in 1985. "This was the first time the protest came into downtown Santiago, the capital. The women were assaulted by rubber bullets and water cannons, and I was on the receiving end of that as well. We had to carry a handkerchief and some lemons, which helped against tear gas apparently, but you would still get blinded for a few minutes. Now we're used to seeing pictures like this, but in those days it wasn't that common." os.tvboxnow.com% f( @9 l$ r/ R# b$ H2 h
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Chilean expatriates celebrate the arrest of Pinochet for crimes against humanity in London in 1998. "Chile had gone back to democracy, Pinochet retired and came to London for medical treatment - he was a millionaire by then, having stolen a lot of money while in power. When the Chilean exiles in this country found out, they started demonstrating. This picture shows people outside the House of Lords celebrating when they found out that he had been officially detained. The guy at the front is holding a double-page spread of a newspaper showing the faces of people who had disappeared."
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f' W9 ]4 F" }5 stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbRelatives of disappeared political prisoners demand justice at a Santiago rally in 1985. "Those protests were outside the magistrates court and became like a weekly vigil. A lot of women were arrested but momentum built and they became more established."% F* j6 C s# H# l B" n. e
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" M; t( u% ] q( u& s公仔箱論壇Relatives of disappeared political prisoners demand justice at a rally in 1985. "This was in the lead up to the referendum (to decide whether or not Pinochet should remain in power). They would shout 'Libertad! Libertad!', meaning 'freedom'. Pinochet had semi-promised that there would be an amnesty for political prisoners after the referendum, but the people said: 'No, we're not going to wait for that.'"
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6 s. h" q" J4 E, C+ aos.tvboxnow.comJournalists attacked by water cannon during 1988's "No" referendum campaign against Pinochet. "I got soaked by water cannon a few times - I always carried a waterproof covering for my camera. I think it's important to show how the press was mistreated at that time, and the pressure that the dictatorship put on the international press, probably hoping they would go away and not cover the referendum." 5 T6 P7 K6 k1 E9 K
7 S$ n( T5 C3 x3 F. [, {0 s; QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。os.tvboxnow.com- e6 ]7 g9 T; o3 F' r
& D/ y7 l" v4 c5 [4 [' V( Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMother and child with an anti-Pinochet poster saying "No to the Devil" during the '"No" referendum campaign. "Pinochet was campaigning in civilian clothes (although he was a general) because he wanted to show that he was a nice guy. So at the anti-Pinochet rallies, they used the pictures he was using in his campaign for the 'Yes' vote and just painted in the horns of the devil."
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( F$ o8 B2 W# ~2 G! f6 \+ \# R6 T5 Aos.tvboxnow.comGeneral Pinochet at a 1988 rally. "We - the photographers - got quite close and you could sense the tension. Pinochet was uneasy because he wasn't used to dealing with foreign press.") D" S: m" N6 p- l9 G
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1998年,皮諾契特前往英國就醫。西班牙法庭發出傳票,將其拘禁在家中逾一年。最終由於健康原因,皮諾契特獲得釋放回到智利。2002年,智利最高法院裁定皮諾契特因為血管痴呆症不適宜出庭接受侵犯人權的指控,他隨即放棄在參議院的席位。2004年5月,智利最高法院又裁定他具有接受審判的能力。同年12月他遭到多項罪名的起訴。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: j* K$ h) u6 E) P* H5 v
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% H% ]' H# d& ]2 Q3 VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
! s `$ b# b8 _ N- Y8 ?2 t公仔箱論壇皮諾契特的支持者認為他的主要功績是:阻止了共產主義的蔓延,同左翼共產黨革命運動之類的激進組織的恐怖活動作了鬥爭,執行了新自由主義的經濟政策,為1990年代智利經濟的快速發展奠定了基礎。反對者則認為,皮諾契特破壞智利民主政治,實行了導致數千名反對者死傷的國家恐怖主義政策。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% v) D: ?, q+ ]% Z. V
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" }5 [3 i. P6 Q% w2 f$ z1 |4 kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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) N& K0 H& M# x" o" uos.tvboxnow.com縱容獨裁者侵人權 智利法官組織終道歉tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# w. h$ ~, E9 A
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ ?; K/ ^* [. K: k
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/ O5 L" N" x- Z" }在歷史審判面前,代表智利全國法官的組織,終於為法官過去沒有以法達義而道歉。公仔箱論壇0 m+ I- l1 O, E$ j8 v7 h* _
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智利全國法官組織國家司法裁判協會( National Association of Magistrates of the Judiciary ),週三發表聲明,就智利法院在獨裁者皮諾切爾(Augusto Pinochet)統治期間,未有捍衛智利民眾的人權而道歉。
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( e* ~/ u* E+ A3 `$ W& L# Z& ^TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。下週三(11號)是皮諾切爾政變推翻民選政府的40週年。皮諾切爾於1973-1990年間主政智利,奉行高壓獨裁統紿,二十多年來有逾3200平民被殺、近40000人被虐待。
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5 i z+ j: T; j公仔箱論壇國家司法裁判協會的聲明稱,現在是時候請求國家暴力的受害者及智利社會,原諒當時未有捍衞民眾人權的法官,包括智利最高法院的法官。聲明指出,智利法院在皮諾切爾統治期間,拒絕了5000多宗民眾請求,沒有介入他們親屬被獨裁政府擄走甚至殺害的案件。
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不過有人權組織認為,應道歉的不只是法官,智利最高法院也應代表司法系統作出官方致歉;亦有受害者家屬指出,家屬希望知道責任誰屬,認為政府應就當年的政府暴行展開調查。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' x9 [& ]; ]6 f; D9 ]3 Y, ]. `, D
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智利政府早前公佈,今年會紀念政變40週年的日子,以反省這段歷史。 |