本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯
* V% t) t# t7 Y5 j/ o/ U公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇- Q& W: M5 Y5 d r2 \
 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ [0 k' s: W6 |, j! q& n
L* ~7 w X: n% CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
" t9 f' G( z& M7 q6 }9 R- @0 Qof our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
I; x# y- D; Y+ A3 E4 I( W h. N, ]' Mos.tvboxnow.comdeforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.
/ @" _7 r* Y' N b+ `# JWe’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
& s& U4 r' O( H8 }- e7 H9 G- Aastronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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% ]0 g% O) R+ G9 T6 w3 n& TAbove: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montanatvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 ]8 s: C$ n: G0 k
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
% O; g4 Y" M6 B& X0 T7 b8 SAn elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
& W: T6 m! P! D8 N3 ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
3 T9 w1 y8 T+ i, {3 E% L8 B' Xwith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 i+ H: h- b9 C) V6 B3 \
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
/ u( C, q2 Z9 V, H, X1 `' i5 [os.tvboxnow.comCurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
& a% _( N! n+ _8 bTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
0 V7 c1 g, _% Q# r) ?TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
D: p/ e7 u2 [# Y# v. z) Dos.tvboxnow.comThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.os.tvboxnow.com# Y- R2 v8 i$ @1 ]7 |# S
0 h8 {' L; r( c: U5 ?) F+ ^" n, D/ M. }' @os.tvboxnow.com 公仔箱論壇* t1 s8 T3 H8 {; F8 F
% U4 x5 G: S2 g% }3 ]! vTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Escondida Mine, Chile
1 @& U+ x1 s% T! ^0 f% c* O& |The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces os.tvboxnow.com2 l% h6 L- N- V, S H
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
5 v* S+ @; U+ M4 H- }1 O公仔箱論壇representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
e. ~9 _% _* ]/ K i* }2 Q+ g) fos.tvboxnow.comThis image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer # |7 T* t# U3 k O' R* V
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
; `5 Y c8 A9 O5 D) X3 kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, C4 _% ?! a9 f T1 c0 h: `
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/ v: F- X. G6 S* gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbBingham Canyon Mine, Utah公仔箱論壇. w8 q* w9 F' c' n; T, b( g
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
! Y+ L: W5 @0 Oos.tvboxnow.commore than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
1 U! b) ]7 h3 h- j& e公仔箱論壇miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach os.tvboxnow.com3 W1 S# H q2 ]3 K8 J
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
4 F/ e$ m% K# G" y+ los.tvboxnow.cominside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 4 N% O6 x5 Q. N7 B6 V3 V
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.公仔箱論壇6 i3 n/ m1 P3 i8 o, `& ^+ F
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
7 Y# m; ?+ B, m# Z. O2 E" YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。camera and an 800mm lens.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 r6 P, |" y9 [
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# `: C$ A/ p8 n8 Bos.tvboxnow.comYuba River Goldfields, California.
8 v! }* s8 s1 H: QThe Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
. V4 M8 s% |* n" zdredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
/ _$ @5 Q! Q' G. ?! Y8 b& ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, P) I- _% X* h% a u
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
# d1 U( s' J: u3 ?7 ~/ A+ o3 K1 Bos.tvboxnow.commining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel, tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ d9 D4 e" P8 P! @
which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
9 x) _( i7 x5 J5 a7 S" j公仔箱論壇685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
$ o$ o1 Y9 b7 ]Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
2 u# s8 Z+ L) f1 k' ?" v) u% qos.tvboxnow.comextract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 C, l3 X, A* Z+ t
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
7 {9 R& [1 A7 h( k/ ^( V+ eThis image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 [/ L2 H/ b8 r8 h& c+ G
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru
, V0 Q: T2 J. C/ f- G) \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbLocated in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ N4 c9 Q I. j! c% ^5 d
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
- }( Z( T* z. q, z2 F公仔箱論壇constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
g! g" K! z/ ^% e6 q$ y: E* W& Z+ `tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbheading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
4 j4 x6 O8 c1 M( s) H7 s4 Ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvbStation on Sept. 22, 2003.公仔箱論壇* u9 i8 M; L6 U0 {( |4 h0 B8 a1 t
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- Y3 | l% ]& d% D2 ^$ H$ Vtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbFreeport Mine, Indonesia
2 t1 X( |+ Z& c/ N1 D: R, x公仔箱論壇The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
+ t9 e" V, s4 Z3 d公仔箱論壇Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 \4 g6 e# G4 e9 M8 B+ N6 _9 T
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
' r, U. b2 T/ |, a( W7 @os.tvboxnow.comextensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
, \- ]4 ]4 B% ] w4 `0 q+ sTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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Cananea Mine, MexicoTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" s: Y9 n: T# \) d/ f6 S
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
8 B6 o" h! V: q) ~# j' {9 o1 Dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains ! i+ Z8 A- ]* i$ z
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. + W& H& c: V; |# i( M3 k
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
4 u6 o' X4 ]4 _9 c公仔箱論壇the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
/ `+ s! M# [3 R0 w/ k. r" Yos.tvboxnow.comA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
$ K D% [ b o7 E7 G D0 v8 \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.3 s% |8 d1 s, c/ ~- Z6 S
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.os.tvboxnow.com. }! o- b6 J' l s9 ^2 z' p" f
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan
, j% l5 z( e" C; f) Y; ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPhosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 Y. l( t9 o! a/ h/ C' U8 ^" a" |
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists os.tvboxnow.com0 A1 r& @ Q( d& o% P
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the $ y; n$ l! A0 F" z: V! z
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 Y2 m' q% t+ A
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
. d* M# `3 O# G1 }公仔箱論壇satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
/ r1 H1 ?7 h$ w* ?5 M; D: w0 r6 K公仔箱論壇blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the * |7 r" T4 x h% I9 x
lower part of the image that appears striped.
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% O( a! \$ ?$ h) WTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* G/ a- U% R) f% S8 b! Z
New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
( y3 i; V9 a7 ^- m: D/ E: `Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured
+ ?1 w% e. V- Mos.tvboxnow.comabove began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
% V( W* e4 T: P8 J) e' ^0 J* T4 vTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; O3 I1 @" K% k" u
the metal was extracted.
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Hambach Coal Mines, Germanyos.tvboxnow.com/ M+ B5 u7 k- [ c o( O
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
; _' n+ X# K. Z) aos.tvboxnow.comOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator os.tvboxnow.com8 ~3 Y5 Q4 d8 D& _, y$ p5 g5 z
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.1 H3 a* O7 V9 ^% U: Y
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
& v( o4 x M3 i% d3 }tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbAug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. w$ E6 y% d9 ?3 u
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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