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) J, j$ K# G% R0 ?6 j9 |1 u  D$ tPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more # ^. U! s# m4 P5 S- w* {0 O' p7 G. j
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
9 s! i, B# m- S$ GTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.公仔箱論壇1 ~- A: \$ q+ c) x
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by ( C& {: [8 B/ q$ g2 `, ^+ B/ O
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% [0 M, w% M* s1 b. A
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montanaos.tvboxnow.com" d" Z' m9 W. l4 J' u3 `
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
1 y' x6 r8 L9 p2 LAn elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. 公仔箱論壇& u! Y" ?4 J$ B* B  n: l
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
2 Y# R! n$ r6 y9 P1 twith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The / m0 |; H) Y: l* p+ x* \; l
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
" I- j: Y. ~5 DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
2 |( z1 m2 I2 a: ccontaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& _1 N% D0 a1 X. p, p' }3 g* o
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ \' |# B, k. y2 K" I3 K6 f3 o
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.os.tvboxnow.com5 @* F" F) F( M, S0 M2 c  w
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Escondida Mine, Chile公仔箱論壇: V$ H  y9 ?* X- t+ ]+ x' T
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces os.tvboxnow.com# Q* i: ]) c7 Q+ t5 `+ E
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
, ]# n. }; l4 c8 g1 C; Z, `公仔箱論壇representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
* E. {) ]0 s3 @+ i$ q8 pThis image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
& V' c  U0 h3 T. u7 a. A9 p' |, l( Z, qaboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
; e9 E) m$ c2 W- b* CLocated 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
) D# ?- A$ q" u: ]& R& J, N$ |, M! `. s0 Ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvbmore than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& D$ P) h. Z6 a! i9 ~
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
7 K9 q7 c6 h; [0 dTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
7 E) z( k1 S$ O; Q1 ?inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
) H" N, v) D6 v; K1 t2 ]1 l5 hfeet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.( m$ V, u" D) B2 m& j1 Q
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital os.tvboxnow.com3 `% x% Z& r8 L+ O6 Z( l4 q  }& h9 O
camera and an 800mm lens.
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# p, Q! c7 n+ O4 H) b# RYuba River Goldfields, California.
- m5 F( O1 \9 d+ ~! b. w' h- ?The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, # C, i+ @& Z, @' g" t& K
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd - G% z. B$ T7 e/ u* w" `
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.公仔箱論壇" Z6 C, F' T1 n4 f3 ?; a
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
0 P4 T- H, D" P0 e  t公仔箱論壇mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel, ( U/ e; {. n/ C6 H. F) Z
which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
6 f. K, ~4 E* X% sTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
4 F: \8 Z* `. |+ v! |9 TDredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to * C, l0 g  i0 [( S( T8 M
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the os.tvboxnow.com& @9 j& }: d- F/ M! }% i- n& x
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.( F) k. q) G; r( `8 L  O4 l3 W# ~- R- `+ P
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.公仔箱論壇- C. X" Y; t# @2 P
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+ r9 k& p/ `$ g8 l+ xToquepala Copper Mine, Perutvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( [/ y( s8 Z: }! G# T
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
. y, ]1 e+ a  D" B1 O' ^( K$ Tos.tvboxnow.comThe mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
% }+ W( N. c. W6 d1 Kconstructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, os.tvboxnow.com9 e2 f1 ]( n8 T$ }
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space & a0 m4 N- C2 y: {' l) ~
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 f! j- S) c. C& i" ~. @
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1 S7 }( b  I& v8 A" A( G* HTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 @$ J* o6 l8 o1 \5 D
Freeport Mine, Indonesia
7 X" l! K: j. l* b/ f0 G& C7 |os.tvboxnow.comThe Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
: p" b3 f& I0 \# k  y# c) h! ?$ GMountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
* ]$ h; H3 F3 h/ E% Y% ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is ) b, l. }3 Y* y3 F. ?
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! X! z' d! R! I$ x9 r
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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# g' r& g1 K& c2 atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCananea Mine, Mexico# S; W5 d5 w8 e5 F" C, ]% U  |8 k
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
5 B  W* I+ e9 I( Q# i; zTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains " y6 H- k7 U+ g7 Q
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. 公仔箱論壇& q+ e6 t* s6 v' e: k
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
" P! e: E6 T/ u" `( U- jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
( @- u5 }& j2 H" s2 B! zA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
7 u, k/ y. R, y# r& j4 `; |" `公仔箱論壇Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
9 A; f/ z) |3 J$ ?) y' u+ jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ \4 Y$ b8 n1 t/ j+ I

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Phosphate Mines, Jordan- @* f4 Z" G" n: y' B
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: D: J( b6 I$ b3 B" ^
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
+ |' r2 |, ]) [. r6 S2 jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* P7 ?0 ?7 d' \0 T& t
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.公仔箱論壇# M. T, k' H9 ]
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 B* n+ H8 D" X; Q: f6 s
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is os.tvboxnow.com( X2 l9 N# ~. d3 W7 B/ f
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the os.tvboxnow.com% Q' q/ K# p, E5 I) h
lower part of the image that appears striped.
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# N1 c% o8 Q" M/ ONew Cornelia Mine, Arizona
2 ^+ J: _$ \6 _$ o+ ?* k5 B( \Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured
$ W2 w9 T9 y( ]/ V& ?  Labove began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
4 H$ c. l. {: U$ tos.tvboxnow.comland just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where 公仔箱論壇; k4 Z& H# u. @) M8 A; w1 i
the metal was extracted.' g! Q6 b* Z& Z

8 [6 t1 r5 s+ A5 L" j6 z$ Ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
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2 l7 d* E5 u& rHambach Coal Mines, Germany
/ `3 x% M8 X+ A7 y: e# j/ hTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
, o" d& |. m! r" dos.tvboxnow.comOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
' |5 T( k! u& w; S7 v! n! J% ?tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
( f, Y0 |+ R: ]+ N, ]0 @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite ' G4 j7 U- F4 L+ L: c
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
, j9 S+ L2 i: ?4 G$ @: c1 r# w2 [bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.