$ n# ^/ m4 [6 fos.tvboxnow.com如果歐元區解體,將會怎樣?假使歐元區解體,即便隻是部分解體——一個或多個財政實力和競爭力較弱的國家退出,其後果也將是一團糟。歐元區全面或是徹底解體,分裂成“大德國馬克區”和大約10種不同國家的貨幣,這將引發一場大混亂。現有的政治、經濟及法律承諾不會按照計劃有序而漸進地得到解除。財政實力和競爭力疲弱的歐元區成員國,其無序的主權違約也許會成為引發“退出”(不管是全體退出還是部分退出)的導火索。這些國家的貨幣將大幅貶值,銀行也將紛紛倒閉。如果西班牙和意大利也退出歐元區,歐盟(EU)和北美范圍內具有系統重要性的金融機構將相繼倒閉,隨之而來的還有持續數年的全球性衰退。公仔箱論壇* |3 l. x5 f% k/ p2 a+ {- g* b" ^5 T% V
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不妨設想一個財政實力和競爭力較弱的國家退出歐元區,比如希臘——我認為此事大概有20%至25%的可能性。包括銀行存款、主權債務、養老金及工資在內的多數合約將重新以新德拉克馬(德拉克馬,希臘未加入歐元區之前的貨幣——譯者注)計價,隨後,這種新貨幣將大幅貶值,(比方說,貶值幅度達65%)。一旦形成退出預期,儲戶將逃離希臘的銀行,所有以希臘法律為准的新增貸款活動將名存實亡。即便是在退出前,主權和銀行體系也將由於缺少貸款而崩潰。而退出之後,那些依據外國法律制定的合約及金融文書則可能繼續以歐元計價。資產負債表將失去平衡,大面積違約、資不抵債和破產的情況將陸續出現。希臘的經濟產值將嚴重縮水。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) n' J- y/ G7 I* y, i6 n
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/ ]; c- M7 N! w/ t希臘可以從新德拉克馬的大幅貶值中獲得暫時性的競爭優勢,但正如葡萄牙、西班牙和意大利一樣,希臘並不具備持久的名義剛性,因此無法使這種暫時性的競爭優勢延續下去。飆漲的薪資和高企的物價將使今天缺乏競爭力的一幕重新上演。缺少外部融資,進口將下滑,國內生產將遭到破壞。總需求和總供給將互相影響,集體下行。 + K d( G( D5 Jos.tvboxnow.com . p; i/ T7 Q" w0 e" j; `如果希臘從歐元區“出走”,也許用不著擔心其它國家會效仿。 % ?- o: o1 q R/ p 3 H1 \' c( V+ c' @& pTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。但如果希臘是由於其它成員國拒絕為其主權債務提供融資、以及歐洲央行(ECB)拒絕為希臘銀行提供資金而被排擠出歐元區的話,市場就要開始揣測下一個最有可能出局的國家了。這將促使這個國家的銀行出現擠兌,向該國主權債務、金融機構和企業提供的資金也將終止。接下來,恐慌情緒實際上可能還會迫使這個受影響的國家脫離歐元區。退出也許會像傳染病一樣,席卷歐元區其余的外圍國家——葡萄牙、愛爾蘭、西班牙和意大利——然后開始影響比利時、奧地利、法國這些“軟核心”國家。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 @. `5 y: n0 F8 @* R2 T& s
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如果隻有希臘一國出現無序的主權違約且退出歐元區,情況還是可控的。希臘在歐元區GDP及公共債務中所佔的比重僅分別為2.2%和4%。然而,若是意大利出現無序的主權違約且退出歐元區,歐洲銀行業則將遭受重創。假如所有五個外圍國家都出現無序的主權違約、並且都退出歐元區——我認為出現這種情況的可能性不超過5%——那麼它拖垮的將不僅是歐洲銀行業系統,還有北大西洋金融體系,以及全球金融系統中其餘具有國際風險敞口的部分。接踵而至的金融危機將引發持續數年的全球性衰退,屆時GDP的下滑幅度可能超過10%,西方國家的失業率將觸及20%,甚至更高。新興市場也將未能幸免。 % c [" v/ K8 k! ?os.tvboxnow.com公仔箱論壇! l) I( |. {5 o
而如果德國及其它具有雄厚財政實力和強勁競爭力的國家退出歐元區,後果則將更具破壞性。有一種情況也許會使這一幕成為可能,即試圖建立一個單邊的財政聯盟,無限量地發行歐元債券,或是在不需要以預防下次危機為考慮、從而放棄相應財政主權的前提下,由實力較強的國家向較弱國家轉移資金,抑或是歐洲央行要踏上“魏瑪之路”。我認為出現這種情況的可能性極低,可能性不到3%。若這些國家退出,德國和歐元區其它核心成員國(也許不包括法國)隨後將推出新的德國馬克。外圍國家的主權債務將違約。新的德國馬克將大幅升值。由於持有原有外圍國家和“軟核心”國家的風險敞口而出現虧損,這一新區域內的金融機構必然要獲得救助。餘下的歐元區國家在缺少維系紐帶的情況下,可能會分解成11個不同國家的貨幣。所有曾以歐元計價的合約和文書的法律意義及效力將全部重寫。除了專攻貨幣法的律師以外,所有人都將變得更加窮困。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, C u" [- d0 [! \- H
% a b$ s. i v+ y3 D3 }6 y$ Y公仔箱論壇盡管歐元區的解體不會完全摧毀歐盟,也不會引發像過去那樣曾給歐洲大陸抹黑的沖突,但似乎仍有相當充分的理由繼續維持這個聯盟。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 A. p; B' A& q: F& I% A
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) l; x3 G# i' `; I/ `* s. z0 n
公仔箱論壇( N0 Y/ P/ K0 g4 x) W 威廉姆•比特是花旗首席經濟學家作者: felicity2010 時間: 2011-12-15 08:11 AM
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2011-12-15 08:15 AM 編輯 4 x& Q' F/ [& t' M. b0 Btvb now,tvbnow,bttvb + d ?+ M1 o8 X8 ~The ECB Fear Factor Philippe Legrain 4 O, d. r# N( Z! R2 j& {tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 2 x$ r, R# ~! D+ R) h, z[attach]1543516[/attach] 4 f( r1 W2 G8 o 7 L1 H2 I5 ^$ |, p1 zTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。os.tvboxnow.com' N, h# [2 |' e5 r# A$ f0 c) T8 a
" ^ K* U: O5 |% q5 ~" m2 \os.tvboxnow.comPanic is beginning to overwhelm the eurozone. Italy and Spain are caught in the maelstrom. Belgium is slipping into the danger zone. As Franceis dragged down, the widening gap between its bond yields and Germany’s is severely testing the political partnership that has driven six decades of European integration.公仔箱論壇7 O/ ~: _* P% X1 k
) C$ f; f! M# I& r6 qTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Even strong swimmers such as Finland and the Netherlands are straining against the undertow. Banks are struggling to stay afloat – their capital providing little buoyancy as funds drain away – while businesses that rely on credit are in trouble, too. All signs point to a eurozone recession. . ^6 }( H5 j- l4 \+ X7 t公仔箱論壇Left unchecked, this panic about sovereign solvency will prove self-fulfilling: just as a healthy bank can fail if it suffers a run, even the most creditworthy government is at risk if the market refuses to refinance its debt. One can scarcely bear imagining the consequences: cascading bank and sovereign defaults, a devastating depression, the collapse of the euro (and perhaps even that of the European Union), global contagion, and potentially tragic political turmoil. So why aren’t policymakers doing whatever it takes to avoid catastrophe?tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% S! |( |3 s! H
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Ever since Italian bond yields first spiked in early August, I have believed that only an open-ended commitment by the European Central Bank to keep solvent governments’ bond yields at sustainable rates could calm the panic and create the breathing space needed to implement confidence-boosting reforms. Everything that has happened since then has only confirmed this view. ( R% { c H/ V# D d& Yos.tvboxnow.com# V* O: Q( b! p. [3 ~7 b6 d7 O
Now that the crisis has reached the “core” of the eurozone, the resources needed to backstop weaker sovereigns exceed the limited fiscal capacity of stronger ones. Financial wizardry cannot disguise that, while throwing a bigger lifeline risks dragging everyone down. Piling everyone on to the same life raft– through Eurobonds backed by joint and several guarantees – is not legally feasible for now, and would be politically toxic if attempted prematurely. Nor can a systemic crisis be resolved by individual governments’ actions – not least because the panic is outpacing politicians’ ability to respond. Only the ECB has the unlimited wherewithal to save Europe from the abyss now.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' W8 W' p1 x# j# l2 s" a
The ECB has a strong rationale to act: to ensure the smooth transmission of monetary policy, to prevent a depression that would lead to deflation, and to avoid the breakup of the euro. Yet it has so far refused to do so, hiding behind a legal fig leaf. 0 S# @- G2 S" Z+ ]3 c. r6 Z! r( RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 % r# Y. D n2 t, R" S公仔箱論壇Granted, Article 123 of the Lisbon Treaty prohibits the ECB from purchasing bonds directly from public bodies, but intervening in the secondary market is permitted. The ECB has long been doing so through its Securities Market Program. Where in the treaty does it say that extending the SMP is prohibited? Indeed, a credible open-ended commitment to contain interest-rate spreads would actually require fewer purchases than the ECB’s current limited and temporary program does. . b! {) @5 K+ O/ r, g* i 8 j1 B: K3 T$ x1 Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbUnfortunately, many Germans, notably at the Bundesbank, loathe the idea of central-bank intervention, because it conjures up memories of 1923, when the Reichsbank printed money to fund government borrowing, the resulting hyperinflation destroyed middle-class savings, and a decade later Hitler came to power. Yet Germans ought to remember that it was in fact the financial panic provoked by the collapse of the Austrian bank Creditanstalt, the resulting slump, and misjudgment by the German political establishment that cleared the Nazis’ path. os.tvboxnow.com6 w6 `+ E' m; _; T! }
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Far from precluding action, history justifies it. Besides, there is no reason to panic about inflation when monetary growth is low, bank credit is contracting, and people are hoarding money rather than spending it. Moreover,any ECB purchases could continue to be sterilized. / v5 ?( v) A$ X3 i! z! U: W公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇- X# }; D6 v& T( N) s3 p$ Z" @
Another objection is that ECB intervention would ease the pressure on the new governments in Italy and Spain to reform. Yet, as it is, reformers have no time to establish their credentials,and if the eurozone collapses, the door will be open to populist extremists. So why doesn’t the ECB strike a bargain with solvent governments to keep rates down as long as they stick to their reform programs?os.tvboxnow.com) |1 S: Q- Z( @6 V
Eurozone leaders could also set out a roadmap towards Eurobonds, subject to strict conditionality, and tied to a credible mechanism for ensuring fiscal prudence. This would provide an additional incentive for governments that wish to qualify to introduce the necessary reforms, while reassuring the ECB and markets that governments remain committed to making the euro work.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ L- h+ Q; I Z
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Exceptional times demand exceptional measures – and I believe that the ECB will feel obliged to act if the eurozone is pushed to the brink. But the longer the ECB delays, the greater the hit to people’s jobs and savings, the deeper the enduring damage to investors' confidence in the eurozone financial system,and the bigger the risk of a catastrophic mishap. The time to act is now. 2 c7 E& y1 l5 r6 ~- wos.tvboxnow.com , W. `. F1 E* v! v7 i. A) K+ ~' E+ eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 i( H$ g' S+ T: g6 t7 l1 [' s
Philippe Legrain is an independent economic adviser to the European Commission.