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以上是美國各地主要媒體有關中國的評論。評論所反映的觀點為發表評論媒體之觀點,並不一定代表美國之音的觀點。4 I& E! y. Z# @* _! E; |& G$ \
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來源 / 版權所有: 以上所述媒体 / 美國之音TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( R3 N) ~/ \1 V3 u1 n: V! D' ~2 X
(以上内容摘自或摘译自 其它媒体 / 美國之音,不代表發帖者观点) 2 m1 K! w& l- W4 R1 `" H& mos.tvboxnow.com 8 L; v$ @4 [/ D/ g xos.tvboxnow.com TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* W8 t# M+ k9 d+ K1 \ r* S
3 c+ ]3 [1 `. \! q: z6 K0 R9 B 註:上文引述有關媒體全文轉貼於樓下 " g6 V0 s" Y/ I* o 7 ~9 ~7 L0 G. |9 E0 ` 作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 11:49 AM
本帖最後由 aa00 於 2011-7-1 11:58 AM 編輯 ( j" J+ n4 q2 A! X
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I.H.T. Op-Ed Contributor 0 z8 P6 A7 x* @; b. `os.tvboxnow.com ! Z3 f' [) P7 n1 W8 ~! y# P. Ios.tvboxnow.com ; q7 r1 [& r: Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 4 H% [# z8 B' Jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbGreat Party, but Where's the Communism? tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1 K6 W4 U" l _1 I; j# ]7 X1 [) s
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 B" a( t4 h3 A; I t9 U9 X4 A
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By MINXIN PEIPublished: June 30, 2011 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. E9 g7 W! L& @" P$ k7 ?
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There is little question that the Chinese Communist Party has come a long way since it was founded 90 years ago by 12 delegates representing roughly 50 members. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' o) u# T! G+ G& o
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# n# _3 A- O: i3 EYet however insignificant it may have seemed back then, there was no question about its ideology, identity and mission. Inspired by utopian Marxism, the party represented China’s idealist leftists, nationalists and the downtrodden. Its mission was to end social injustice and Western colonialism. : v% t7 o8 s) W- M# g+ p3 |tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb . ^2 P( c+ {* Dos.tvboxnow.comtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 M( i& w& P" A; V2 e% o5 r
Today the party is a political behemoth, with 80 million members and control of the world’s second-largest economy. At home its grip on power faces no organized challenge; abroad its leaders are accorded a respect Mao and Zhou Enlai could not have dreamed of. ; ~* ~0 u; u1 t$ P7 l) F
; M. m: R5 |+ F+ x3 O公仔箱論壇 - M5 Y) W2 Q" u1 b( [公仔箱論壇Indeed, we should give the party its due for having abandoned the Maoist madness of its first three decades in power — the mass terror, famine, brutal political campaigns and vicious power struggles — and for radically improving the material lives of China’s 1.3 billion people. $ O- }( X( u& lTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- E. P h7 j m8 B C2 E
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Yet if asked, “What does the Communist Party stand for,” few Chinese leaders today could give a coherent or honest answer. 0 E4 Z- C7 _7 g: a7 I公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 x7 I. |) j) g5 |
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 \5 X/ w# c8 a6 ?! M% a
This much we know: It no longer stands for a utopian ideology. If there is one ideology that the party represents, it is the ideology of power. The sole justification for the party’s rule is the imperative to stay in power. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb J: Z. Q- U! D c3 l
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Nor does the party stand for China’s masses. Despite efforts to broaden its social base and make it more connected with China’s dynamic and diverse society, the party today has evolved into a self-serving, bureaucratized political patronage machine. It is undeniably an elitist party, with more than 70 percent of its members recruited from government officials, the military, college graduates, businessmen and professionals. ' }# k5 Q4 _! V! T; A4 atvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 5 Y# o2 u0 T: V$ ]' d: A 1 c3 D, K& z8 b- x: S! d; r. ~' o. J3 gos.tvboxnow.comSo for all its apparent power, the party is in fact facing an existential crisis and an uncertain future. Apart from staying in power, it has no public purpose. The crisis is not only ideological, but also political; it explains much of the cynicism, corruption and insecurity of the party and its elites. 公仔箱論壇, k y/ Q. V. q9 E* I2 c
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As the party has firmly rejected democratization, its only strategy for survival is to maintain the course it has embarked on since the Tiananmen crackdown in June 1989: drawing political legitimacy from economic growth but relying on repression to crush challenges to its monopoly of power. Although this strategy has worked well since Tiananmen, its effectiveness and sustainability are increasingly in doubt. 公仔箱論壇/ A- Y" h3 ~# u" ?' {3 [5 d/ o
7 o1 t7 _# Y+ _. rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 7 j+ y) C7 g6 O+ U8 ?TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。On the economic front, growth is about to slow down. Demographic aging, resource constraints, stalled economic reforms and environmental degradation are almost certain to depress China’s growth potential. An optimistic World Bank forecast predicts a growth rate from 2016-2020 of about 7 percent annually — a respectable number, but a 30 percent drop from today’s rate. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ d4 `% |$ n: L' U O. e
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China’s economic revolution is also unleashing powerful social forces that will make maintaining a one-party state more tenuous. The party’s governing philosophy and organizational structure make it difficult to incorporate China’s growing middle-class politically. The convergence of an economic slowdown and rising political activism will challenge the party’s rule from several directions. # {/ F( K9 E& gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ I* _2 X* j" t# H$ n* o7 e3 B
2 c0 [1 \/ k* V5 B, [4 g! F/ qNow that the Chinese Communist Party has been in power for 62 years, its leaders might also want to note that the record for one-party rule is 74 years, held by the Soviet party, followed by the 71-year rein of Mexico’s Institutional Revolutionary Party. 9 i0 G/ q9 q% h- x- Q' I 9 [& q& ?7 y7 g& e4 P" }/ |# \os.tvboxnow.com' W0 b% V4 ?+ j$ \; N9 i* l
So when Chinese leaders toast their party’s 90th birthday, they should harbor no illusions that the party can beat history’s odds forever. ' f7 d: A& s! M, b& M公仔箱論壇 & Z1 O4 m3 X+ l3 I" |, N+ S公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( k* ?0 \! b2 `# |+ v' [ Minxin Pei is a professor of government at Claremont McKenna College in California. os.tvboxnow.com: l& T0 ~: s& e1 p; g: b$ k* m9 ~
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' R' J2 {0 }& k6 ?5 q( T
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公仔箱論壇* Z. s9 d* N) }% [! ~ Q" l 來源 / 版權所有: 《紐約時報》 3 v. J/ s" r( D4 m(以上内容摘自或摘译自 《紐約時報》,不代表發帖者观点)作者: aa00 時間: 2011-7-1 11:56 AM
% v7 p% ~0 C- q& [1 J2 j! O* ~0 jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。China's Communist Party at 90 7 w- s. e3 T/ {7 |1 @ 8 I ~8 {( B' _. w - X! `3 o& t0 Aos.tvboxnow.comBy DAVID SHAMBAUGHPublished: June 30, 2011 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* h$ ?+ u' w) B4 K3 E
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BEIJING — Nationwide ceremonies and a deluge of media coverage have been mobilized by China’s ruling Communist Party to mark its 90th anniversary today. But all the hoopla cannot conceal the party’s insecure state. 7 l" @" ? i# y# \" H! _3 Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbos.tvboxnow.com$ N) E; L* u8 m/ L6 ]; u) V6 Y/ y
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Central China Television (CCTV) has been airing long narrative documentaries about the party’s history; bookstores are full of red-covered histories; museums have mounted special exhibitions — including the new National Museum’s “Road to Rejuvenation.” And the buildup will be capped by a nationwide address by the party’s general secretary, President Hu Jintao. # {) X2 a; ~& M/ i- Z7 Y" iTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 6 E5 t5 _3 J* q' k, \. ?2 e % M- h8 K- B! U n, l% I! WThe main theme in all these celebrations has been that the party has provided China prosperity and dignity following a “century of shame and humiliation.” The narrative of past aggression and aggrievement is pervasive, as is the affirmation that the party has rebuilt Chinese society and restored China’s rightful place in the world. / R% m3 n. E% _2 b/ yTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb k2 G0 }5 d) D8 _5 A7 @
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Accompanying the festivities is an unprecedented official look into the party’s past. After 16 years of preparation, the Central Party History Research Office has produced a 1,000-plus-page compendium of the party’s history from 1949 to 1978 (post-1978 apparently remains too politically sensitive because many of the officials involved are still in power). % C* ] {, f" k6 q, d2 ^! H$ mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb+ k2 O4 U( R0 l
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While the tome provides many new details of sensitive events during the Mao era, it is still highly selective and largely in step with the master narrative laid down in the 1982 publication: “Certain Questions in Our Party’s History.” - h$ ~* y% a9 G% Y4 {6 I# k4 c * `+ n6 K; z" l( S% X6 M公仔箱論壇 9 T1 b {+ K' n/ C' [; S9 k8 ?# qNowhere mentioned is the violence of political campaigns during the 1950s that cost the lives of tens of millions (some of the campaigns are discussed, but not the persecutions and killings). The 1956 Hundred Flowers Movement, in which intellectuals launched broadside critiques of party rule (many which remain apt today), is totally absent. Only the subsequent “Anti-Rightist” purge is covered (in a sanitized fashion) — but not Deng Xiaoping’s role in directing it. os.tvboxnow.com/ J+ E' U( n6 f: T. B
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* ^) T0 I3 R5 J+ Z/ b ^) |/ _os.tvboxnow.comThe Great Leap Forward, which produced the “three bitter years” (1960-62) and claimed the lives of up to 45 million, according to new archival research by the historian Frank Dikotter, and the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) receive substantial treatment. But both catastrophes are essentially attributed to the usurping of party rule by “leftist opportunists” like Lin Biao, Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four. `$ h4 G4 F/ ]1 o. _tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: `0 b e7 r& V- {! A
1 V. W, C$ E6 x. A6 ~8 p2 B/ TTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Mao himself does come in for criticism, but overall the blame is shifted to others. Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng does benefit from a posthumous “rehabilitation,” but no such luck for the disgraced Zhao Ziyang. ' A8 f& I. \+ N$ z% c' T公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 }; D, y- J" | ^
7 L: J+ `, Z4 _+ d- T: A) u公仔箱論壇The official treatment of these events is clear: maintain a strong institutional apparatus and remain vigilant against inner-party usurpers and foreign saboteurs. Thus, even in the midst of an anniversary celebration, the party’s continuing inability to honestly and fully confront its past speaks volumes about its present and future. It is symptomatic of existing insecurities. 3 m$ u# {: T; h- t* d; h# Yos.tvboxnow.comos.tvboxnow.com' m1 {1 q( k3 c6 M! R1 g( w
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Since the autumn of 2009, following the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee, China and the world have witnessed a more repressive and insecure Communist Party, including a slowing of some political reforms undertaken from 1997-2009. 公仔箱論壇, h6 V( H) `) e) }& E
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Despite the political stagnation, three sets of reforms have continued: expanding multi-candidate elections to local level party committees; increased transparency in local budgeting and resource allocation; and efforts to improve meritocracy at all levels of the party and government. But efforts to make central policy making more transparent, to prosecute pervasive corruption, to improve “intra-party democracy” and “extra-party supervision,” and to open up the media have all stagnated. , l* K! f, u( g4 q- M& u* z( d
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: j( ~/ @* G; L' G N/ R+ |4 sThese reforms all grew out of the party’s study of the collapse of the Soviet Union and other one-party regimes. The main lesson the Chinese Communist Party drew from these foreign examples was to be proactive, flexible and adaptive, and to manage political change from above. Stasis and dogmatism were seen as recipes for stagnation and collapse. K% Z3 \$ C9 d$ F, e. ~/ Y
3 g5 h- } Q: N3 C% N 5 H# S$ T& y" R3 R* l- A/ a/ `! Vos.tvboxnow.comWhat we are witnessing as the party turns 90, however, is the opposite. Instead of being secure and confident, it is seemingly frozen in fear of the future, unsure about its grip over ethnic regions (Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia), afraid of rising social unrest and ad hoc demonstrations, worried about the macro-economy and foreign relations, and on the cusp of a major leadership transition in 2012. 公仔箱論壇+ R) B; U8 U, [, i
- C! L+ z3 C7 H; ?3 a* J: ]公仔箱論壇 6 e* j6 P4 _. N/ X; U# M3 |8 ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Moreover, a coalition of internal security forces, giant state-owned corporations, the propaganda apparatus, and the military have joined with hard-line elements in the party to pull back from reforms. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 D& A- i* e3 `; e9 f. N
7 i# A$ Y& ~# {# @2 mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 8 E8 D( P9 q! F2 B: K9 }, P4 jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbYet there is a reformist wing in the party, led by Prime Minister Wen Jiabao, which advocates more open politics. But it does not have the resources or allies to re-ignite political reforms. The intra-party cleavage runs high and deep and party members here indicate viewpoints and factions are becoming increasingly polarized. The pending leadership transition only adds to the risk aversion and crackdown. - G: T5 n8 K8 v/ [! Q# [# f; F- K, K公仔箱論壇os.tvboxnow.com4 F3 M6 i% o6 F9 ?
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China’s Communist Party at 90 is a bit like many 90-year-olds: increasingly infirm, fearful, experimenting with ways to prolong life, but overwhelmed by the complexities of managing it. os.tvboxnow.com @! d" F' t5 D* R6 Y# y- @
% p: c4 u, b$ W8 j7 PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ z0 f# h- \: w( p, r" L David Shambaugh is professor and director of the China Policy Program at George Washington University and the author of “China’s Communist Party: Atrophy & Adaptation.” * r. g/ {, Y+ W& o) H+ Z& PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 9 j- J7 t: V" Z5 Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ g# ?/ t$ I* i) b' V; Q
2 f6 |8 C. A, Q$ H6 {# d1 G7 `tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb经济上相当灵活os.tvboxnow.com! L1 L) ^2 t7 ` R0 }* Q
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从中共执政的方式看,许多地方与中国实际上的市场经济并不相符。比如在每个五年计划中都要确定政治方针。掌管经济支柱行业的依旧是国企或央企。土地依旧归国有。各级别党校依旧在教授马列主义和毛泽东思想。然而在经济上,中国却连续创下世界纪录。中国每年经济增长保持在10%甚至更多。北京对中国经济模式的定义是"有中国特色的社会主义经济",而什么是"中国特色"并没有具体的解释。 - F8 \' i! O2 T$ d: [) {5 tTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 ( M: }9 V2 ?. c- E& X N' g5 k
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, Q% m2 q6 _( M. bos.tvboxnow.comBildunterschrift: Großansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift: TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 z1 G' L5 p }3 A
2 w) z s4 u: F6 \os.tvboxnow.com1955年8月11日的《人民日報》社論説:“新中國成立的時間很短,還不可能馬上就完全解決城市中的就業問題。......家在城市的中、小學畢業生中有一部分人目前的就業是有一定的困難的。” W8 z) }5 d1 h0 I$ u
8 d' `% x6 B' q, B2 Z* d8 Q, pos.tvboxnow.com同年12月,毛澤東表示:“一切可能到農村中去工作的知識分子,應當高興地到那裏去。農村是一個廣闊的天地,在那裏是可以大有作為的。”tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 c3 \; o& M, p$ M1 L9 Y
' T3 h# t! J) N+ l. N( O. n, ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。隨後,在1956年1月,中共中央政治局作出決定:“城市的中、小學畢業的青年,除了能夠在城市升學、就業的以外,應當......下鄉上山去參加農業生産,參加社會主義建設的偉大事業。” 9 i4 ]4 j# V! \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- [. n+ r) q/ p; X5 W. ?! ^8 ~1 R @- K8 h
1964年1月16日,中共中央印發《關於動員和組織城市知識青年參加農村社會主義建設的決定(草案)》,同時成立了中央安置城市上山下鄉青年領導小組,由副總理譚震林擔任組長。根據周恩來的指示,譚震林在1965年提出一個15年計劃,準備在1965到1980年之間下放1100萬到1200萬知青。 ' Z* i! Y9 O. l: E1 ~ + u& t" f5 K& c6 V- k從上面可以看出, 中共從建國初就逐步推動上山下鄉政策來減輕就業壓力。從1955年到1966年,中國大約有150萬青年到農村落戶。在初始階段,知青下鄉還有一點自願的成分。但是從1962年以後,在毛澤東“與工農相結合,加強思想改造”等左傾思想的推動下,上山下鄉越來越帶有政治色彩,開始帶有強制性。在1962年到1966年間下鄉的129萬知青中,多數人是由於家庭出身不好而無法升學和就業的中學畢業生,上山下鄉成為他們唯一的選擇。公仔箱論壇' a. U" E2 \; J& A8 T( f6 x
6 G& }+ M) H wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。毛澤東的“最高指示”使上山下鄉運動進入高潮。這裡有兩個數據:僅在1969年一年就有267萬城鎮知青上山下鄉;在1974年到1977年之間,又有750多萬人上山下鄉。公仔箱論壇- x N; Z. {& ]
, h8 w4 i: M# e+ i$ L5 sos.tvboxnow.com滿懷熱血的知青們來到廣大農村之後,許多人經歷了生活困難,政治迫害、文化生活貧乏、理想幻滅等問題。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ S. d' y4 B7 d6 @. O: m: Z
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於是,在1973年6月到8月期間,中國國務院召開全國知識青年上山下鄉工作會議,討論解決知青問題。會議期間,一份新華社《情況反映》揭露了雲南、黑龍江和內蒙古生産建設兵團數百名現役軍官強姦數百名女知青的情況。6 O O+ H5 ]( s7 Z
/ t1 F/ U+ l0 F8 i6 j3 \1976年5月,中國國務院知識青年上山下鄉領導小組在給國務院的報告中承認,一些地方迫害下鄉青年,特別是姦污女青年的案件又有增加;部分地區對下鄉青年的生活安置和培養教育工作仍然做得很差。公仔箱論壇# q: k( h( ^ X% D$ o: Y. f2 q: k! M
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與此同時,知青都在想方設法通過各種途徑回城。 8 u- U/ `5 v, l( |6 O: pos.tvboxnow.com 1 [ K$ n c( f6 W當時,許多幹部的子女,即使是下鄉了,也都先後以當兵、招工、提幹或者成為工農兵大學生的方式離開了農村,連鄧小平的幾個子女在他還沒有復出的時候就被送進大學。毛澤東本人也曾經推薦一些與自己關係密切的女青年進入大學。中國國務院當時也承認,幹部“走後門”安排子女的不正之風相當嚴重。os.tvboxnow.com; R& ?! f8 J$ Q% Q0 E' z
( d" A8 k9 r% Q, G' {os.tvboxnow.com此舉讓成千上萬在農村的知青聞風而動。從1978年底開始,中國一些地方出現知青遊行、請願等活動,要求回城。1978年10月,雲南幾個農場的5萬知青發動請願遊行和罷工,近百人在昆明火車站集體臥軌抗議。中共上層震驚,隨即派出調查組。% O% B K. W( h, X7 y( t1 H8 J% _ H